Endnotes
- There are currently 764,581 transmitters in Canada according to the Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED) Spectrum Management System database (as of April 3, 2020). 5G network infrastructures will require a much greater cell density. http://sms-sgs.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/sms-sgs-prod.nsf/eng/h_00010.html – https://www.itworldcanada.com/article/everything-you-need-to-know-about-5g/416498
- The Secret Inside Your Cellphone (Wendy Mesley, CBC Marketplace). https://youtu.be/Wm69ik_Qdb8
- Noam, E. (2011). Let them eat cellphones: why mobile wireless is no solution for broadband. In Journal of Information Policy, Vol. 1 (2011), pp. 470-485 (pp. 470.485). Penn State University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0470.pdf
- Traditional copper wired phones work during a power outage hence are more reliable. Wireless cell networks are constantly upgraded whereas cable or fibre is laid once.
- Warzel, Charlie, & Thompson, Stuart A. (2019, December 19). Twelve Million Americans Were Tracked Through Their Phones. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/19/opinion/tracking-phone-data.html
- Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Public Affairs. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=56791
- Schoechle, Timothy. (2018). Re-Inventing Wires: The Future of Landlines and Networks. National Institute for Science, Law & Public Policy Washington, DC, 156. https://electromagnetichealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ReInventing-Wires-1-25-18.pdf
- Canada, Natural Resources. (2020). “Canada and U.S. Finalize Joint Action Plan on Critical Minerals Collaboration.” https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/canada-and-u-s-finalize-joint-action-plan-on-critical-minerals-collaboration-829031955.html
- Baliga, J., Ayre, R., Hinton, K., and Tucker R. (2011).“Energy Consumption in Wired and Wireless Access Networks.” IEEE Communications Magazine 49, no. 6: 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2011.5783987
- Patel, N. (2019, May 23). Wait, why the hell is the ‘race to 5G’ even a race? Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/23/18637213/5g-race-us-leadership-china-fcc-lte
- Women’s College Hospital, Toronto. (31 May2019). Impacts of Wireless Technology on Health: A symposium for Ontario’s medical community – Video of symposium, 31 May 2019. https://www.womenscollegehospital.ca/programs-and-services/environmental-health-clinic/June-2019-Conference-Videos
- Schneier, B. (2019, September 25). Essays: Every Part of the Supply Chain Can Be Attacked – Schneier on Security. Retrieved from https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2019/09/every_part_of_the_su.html
- The Threat Lab. (2019, June 26). The History of Cellular Network Security Doesn’t Bode Well for 5G. Retrieved from https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2019/06/history-cellular-network-security-doesnt-bode-well-5g
- ITU. (2019). The growing challenge of e-waste. https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/backgrounders/Pages/e-waste.aspx
- Belkhir, L., & Elmeligi, A. (2018). Assessing ICT global emissions footprint: Trends to 2040 & recommendations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 177, 448.463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.239
- Samenow, J. (2019, May 23). Head of NOAA says 5G deployment could set weather forecasts back 40 years. The wireless industry denies it. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/05/23/head-noaa-says-g-deployment-could-set-weather-forecasts-back-years-wireless-industry-denies-it/
- Zarrett, David. (2020, February 19). Threats to security, health, public infrastructure.and other potential costs of Canada’s 5G rollout. Macleans. Retrieved from https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/threats-to-security-health-public-infrastructure-and-other-potential-costs-of-canadas-5g-rollout/
- 5G Appeal of International Scientists. 5G Appeal, September 2017. http://www.5gappeal.eu/
- United States Senator Richard Blumenthal. (2019, February 7). Press release: At Senate Commerce Hearing, Blumenthal Raises Concerns on 5G Wireless Technology’s Potential Health Risk. Retrieved from https://www.blumenthal.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/at-senate-commerce-hearing-blumenthal-raises-concerns-on-5g-wireless-technologys-potential-health-risks
- Health Canada, (2015). Limits of human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic energy in the frequency range from 3 KHz to 300 GHz. Safety Code 6 (2015). https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html
- Pall, M. L. (2015). Scientific evidence contradicts findings and assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: microwaves act through voltage-gated calcium channel activation to induce biological impacts at non-thermal levels, supporting a paradigm shift for microwave/lower frequency electromagnetic field action. Reviews on Environmental Health, 30(2), 99.116. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0001
- Declaration: Doctors Call for Protection from Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure. (2014, September 28). Retrieved from http://www.c4st.org/images/documents/hc-resolutions/medical-doctors-submission-to-health-canada-english.pdf
- Declaration: Scientists call for Protection from Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure. (2014, July 9). Retrieved from http://www.c4st.org/images/documents/hc-resolutions/scientific-declaration-to-health-canada-english.pdf
- Canadians for Safe Technology. (2014). Relevant scientific studies (140) omitted by Health Canada in its scientific review of draft Safety Code 6 (2014), Canada’s safety guidelines for safe exposure to radiofrequency/microwave radiation. Retrieved from http://c4st.org/c4st-reviews-ignored-studies/
- Clegg, F. M., Sears, M., Friesen, M., Scarato, T., Metzinger, R., Russell, C., Stadtner, A., Miller, A. B. (2020). Building science and radiofrequency radiation: What makes smart and healthy buildings. Building and Environment, 176, 106324. [Figure 3: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0360132319305347-gr3_lrg.jpg] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106324
- Webster, P. C. (2014). Federal Wi-Fi safety report is deeply flawed, say experts. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de l’Association Médicale Canadienne, 186(9), E300. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-4785 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4050007/
- Huh, N. Y. (2014, April 15). Canadian scientists urge more research into safety of wireless technology, saying recent report downgrades cancer risk. National Post. Retrieved from https://nationalpost.com/health/canadian-scientists-urge-more-research-into-safety-of-wireless-technology-saying-recent-report-downgrades-cancer-risk
- Webster, P. C. (2015). Scientists decry Canada’s outdated Wi-Fi safety rules. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(9), 639.640. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-5061 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4467923/
- Cook, H. J., Steneck, N. H., Vander, A. J., & Kane, G. L. (1980). Early research on the biological effects of microwave radiation: 1940-1960. Annals of Science, 37, 323.351. https://www.magdahavas.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Cook_1980_early_research.pdf
- Health Canada. (2015). Limits of human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic energy in the frequency range from 3 KHz to 300 GHz. Safety Code 6 (2015), 24. [See Section 2. MAXIMUM EXPOSURE LIMITS, paragraph 2 – first sentence.] https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/health-risks-safety/limits-human-exposure-radiofrequency-electromagnetic-energy-range-3-300.html
- Russell, C. L. (2018). 5 G wireless telecommunications expansion: Public health and environmental implications. Environmental Research, 165, 484.495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.016
- Kelly, E., Blank, M., Lai, H., Moskowitz, J., & Havas, M. (2015). International Appeal: Scientists call for protection from non-ionizing electromagnetic field exposure. Eur. J. Oncol., 20(3/4), 180–182. https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/Europeanjournalofoncology/article/view/4971/3658.
Also see: United Nations (U.N.) Environment Programme Urged to Protect Nature and Humankind from Electromagnetic Fields (EMF). 4G/5G antenna densification is escalating health risks – a global crisis. https://emfscientist.org/.
Also see: BioInitiative 2012 Report. (2012). A rationale for biologically based exposure standards for low-intensity electromagnetic radiation. Sections 5-11,14,15,20. C. Sage, and D.O. Carpenter (Eds) BioInitiative Working Group. https://bioinitiative.org/ - Lázaro, A., Chroni, A., Tscheulin, T., Devalez, J., Matsoukas, C., and Petanidou, T. “Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Telecommunication Antennas Affects the Abundance and Composition of Wild Pollinators.” Journal of Insect Conservation 20, no. 2 (April 26, 2016): 315.24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-016-9868-8
- Miller, A. B., Sears, M. E., Morgan, L. L., Davis, D. L., Hardell, L., Oremus, M., & Soskolne, C. L. (2019). Risks to Health and Well-Being From Radio-Frequency Radiation Emitted by Cell Phones and Other Wireless Devices. Frontiers in Public Health, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00223
- Miller, A. B., Morgan, L. L., Udasin, I., & Davis, D. L. (2018). Cancer epidemiology update, following the 2011 IARC evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (Monograph 102). Environmental Research, 167, 673.683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.043
- Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2018). Comments on the US National Toxicology Program technical reports on toxicology and carcinogenesis study in rats exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 900 MHz and in mice exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 1,900 MHz. International Journal of Oncology. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4606
- Houston, B. J., Nixon, B., King, B. V., De Iuliis, G. N., & Aitken, R. J. (2016). The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on sperm function. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 152(6), R263.R276. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0126
- Magras, I. N., & Xenos, T. D. (1997). RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics, 18(6), 455.461. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9261543/
- Aldad, T. S., Gan, G., Gao, X.-B., & Taylor, H. S. (2012). Fetal radiofrequency radiation exposure from 800-1900 mhz-rated cellular telephones affects neurodevelopment and behavior in mice. Scientific Reports, 2, 312. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00312
- Panagopoulos, D. J. (2019). Comparing DNA damage induced by mobile telephony and other types of man-made electromagnetic fields. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 781, 53.62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2018). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in Hsd: Sprague Dawley SD rats exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. NTP Technical Report 595, 384. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/ntp-temp/tr595_508.pdf
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Sciences. (2018). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in B6C3F1/n mice exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (1,900 mHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. NTP Technical Report 596, 260. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr596_508.pdf
- Clegg, F. M., Sears, M., Friesen, M., Scarato, T., Metzinger, R., Russell, C., Stadtner, A., Miller, A. B. (2020). Building science and radiofrequency radiation: What makes smart and healthy buildings. Building and Environment, 176, 106324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106324
- Engels, S., Schneider, N.-L., Lefeldt, N., Hein, C. M., Zapka, M., Michalik, A., … Mouritsen, H. (2014). Anthropogenic electromagnetic noise disrupts magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird. Nature, 509(7500), 353.356. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13290
- Schwarze, S., Schneider, N.-L., Reichl, T., Dreyer, D., Lefeldt, N., Engels, S., … Mouritsen, H. (2016). Weak Broadband Electromagnetic Fields are More Disruptive to Magnetic Compass Orientation in a Night-Migratory Songbird (Erithacus rubecula) than Strong Narrow-Band Fields. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 55. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00055
- Expert Committee. Ministry of Environment and Forest. India. (2011). Report on possible impacts of communication towers on wildlife including birds and bees. 88 pages. Indian Environmental Portal. Retrieved from http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/341385/report-on-possible-impacts-of-communication-towers-on-wildlife-including-birds-and-bees/
- Waldmann-Selsam, C., Balmori-de la Puente, A., Breunig, H., & Balmori, A. (2016). Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations. The Science of the Total Environment, 572, 554.569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.045 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552133
- Cucurachi, S., Tamis, W. L. M., Vijver, M. G., Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M., Bolte, J. F. B., & de Snoo, G. R. (2013). A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Environment International, 51, 116.140. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23261519/
- Russell, C. L. (2018). 5 G wireless telecommunications expansion: Public health and environmental implications. Environmental Research, 165, 484.495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.016
- Government of Canada. (2017). Healthy Environment, Healthy Canadians, Healthy Economy: Strengthening the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/ENVI/Reports/RP9037962/envirp08/envirp08-e.pdf
- Government of Canada. (2015). Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and the health of Canadians. Report of the Standing Committee on Health (HESA), Ben Lobb, Chair., 13th Report, 31pp. https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/41-2/HESA/report-13/
- Government of Canada, (2010). An examination of the potential health impacts of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation / Joy Smith, MP, Chair. : XC62-403/1-1-03E-PDF – Government of Canada Publications – Canada.ca. http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/385118/publication.html
- Government of Canada. (2016, October 6). Government Response – 8512-421-78 – House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/HESA/report-2/response-8512-421-78
- Canadians for Safe Technology (C4ST) Reply to Minister Philpott’s response to HESA 2015 Report on Safety (2017, February 16). http://c4st.org/minister-health-response-hesa-recommendations/
- Government of Canada, Industry Canada. (2014, June 26). DGSO-002-14 . Decision on Amendments to Industry Canada’s Antenna Tower Siting Procedures [Consultation Reports]. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf10840.html
- Government of Canada, Industry Canada. (2014). Guide to Assist Land-use Authorities in Developing Antenna System Siting Protocols. Spectrum Management and Telecommunications, (2), 10. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf10860.html. Also see: Government of Canada, Industry Canada. (2014). CPC-2-0-03 — Radiocommunication and Broadcasting Antenna Systems https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf08777.html#sec4.1.
- Yale, J. et al. (2020). Final Report. Canada’s Communication Future: Time to Act (p. 235). Broadcasting and Telecommunications Legislative Review. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/110.nsf/vwapj/BTLR_Eng-V3.pdf/$file/BTLR_Eng-V3.pdf